2009年8月7日 星期五

2009 IELTS 閱讀部分 金星凌日

閱讀:今年重複了幾個 reading passages 是 2005-07 的考題, 例如 [雪崩], [電子書], [香水], [烏鴉製造工具] [金星凌日] 證明勤練考古題絕對是有助益滴.

以下[金星凌日] (The Transit of Venus) 天文現象的參考文章及圖片節錄出自 wikipedia. 關於[金星凌日]的閱讀文章不是第一次出來, 給同學一個背景知識做參考, 相信對你考IELTS閱讀部分有很大的幫助. 順便附上wikipedia 中文相關訊息

A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and Earth, obscuring a small portion of the solar disk. During a transit, Venus can be seen from Earth as a small black disk moving across the face of the Sun. The duration of such transits is usually measured in hours (the transit of 2004 lasted six hours). A transit is similar to a solar eclipse by the Moon, but, although the diameter of Venus is almost 4 times that of the Moon, Venus appears smaller because it is much farther away from Earth. Before the space age, observations of transits of Venus helped scientists use the parallax method to calculate the distance between the Sun and the Earth.

Transits of Venus are among the rarest of predictable astronomical phenomena and currently occur in a pattern that repeats every 243 years, with pairs of transits eight years apart separated by long gaps of 121.5 years and 105.5 years. Before 2004, the last pair of transits were in December 1874 and December 1882. The first of a pair of transits of Venus in the beginning of the 21st century took place on 8 June 2004 (see Transit of Venus, 2004) and the next will be on 6 June 2012 (see Transit of Venus, 2012). After 2012, the next transits of Venus will be in December 2117 and December 2125.

A transit of Venus can be safely observed by taking the same precautions used when observing the partial phases of a solar eclipse. Staring at the brilliant disk of the Sun (the photosphere) with the unprotected eye can quickly cause serious and often permanent eye damage.

中文資訊 -wikipedia
金星凌日是當金星運行到太陽地球之間時發生的一種罕見的天文現象。當金星凌日出現,從地球上可以看到金星像一個黑色圓盤從太陽表面劃過。通常都是用小時來計算金星凌日的時間(2004年和2012年,持續大概6小時)。原理上類似於日食,雖然金星的直徑有差不多月亮的4倍。我們從地球上看金星要小的多是因為她離地球更遠一些。現代天文學之前,人們通過觀察金星凌日,用視差來測量日地之間的距離。

金星凌日以兩次凌日為一組,間隔8年,但是兩組之間的間隔卻有100多年。2004年之前的最後組金星凌日發生在1874年的12月和1882年12月。21世紀的首次金星凌日發生在2004年6月8日,這一組的另一次將要發生在2012年的6月。再下一次是2117年和2125年。

每種類型每隔243年出現一次,是因為地球上的243個恆星年(365.25636天)是88757.3天,金星上的395個恆星年(224.701天)是88756.9天。因此經過這個時間段後金星與地球差不多同時回到各自軌道上同一位置。

由於金星和地球環繞太陽的運行軌道不在同一個平面上,因此並不是每次金星下合日都會發生金星凌日現象。一般的,地球在每年12月10日前後經過金星軌道的升交點,在每年6月8日前後經過金星軌道的降交點,因此,金星凌日只能發生在這兩個日期前後。

17世紀,英國天文學家愛德蒙·哈雷最早提出了觀測方法。最早成功預報金星凌日的是德國天文學家開普勒。他成功預言了在1631年12月7日發生的金星凌日。1761年發生的金星凌日,被俄國天文學家羅蒙諾索夫發現了金星大氣,這是人類第一次知道出地球以外有大氣的行星

Speaking section 題目參考

有同學反應不知如何回答IELTS 口試的某些題目, 例如今年重複的speech 相關題,老師這邊有些整理的資訊可供同學做個參考, 但願對你們去考試時有些許助益:

Cue card:
Tell me about an interesting and impressive speech or talk you have heard, you should say:
1. Who was the speaker
2. Where have you heard the speech
3. What it was about
4. Explain why did you like the speech and what impressed you so much
Model response: The most impressive speech I’ve ever heard was made by a 25-year-old boy. His name is Nick Vujicic, who was born without limbs. This particular speech took place in Hong Kong last year and I heared it online. The speech was about how Nick has faced with countless challenges and obstacles in his life. And his testimony was full of laugh because he has a great sense of humor. I also admire his positive attitude towards life because it’s really difficult for people like him to lead a joyful life. If someone isn’t satisfied with his or life or needs to be encouraged, I would strongly recommend him or her to listen to Nick’s talk.

Inference Qs:

What makes a speech interesting?
Model response: I think the speaker can start with a joke related to the theme of the speech. He can also incorporate some visuals if possible, such as slides, photographs- something he can reference while he is talking. Occasionally, the speaker can start with a question and then talk about the answer.

How can you develop or improve your speaking skills?
Model response: I think participating in a course on public speech is a good way to help me improve my speaking skills. There are professionals in the course, and they would normally share their strategies for successful communications as well as teach people how to make good presentations or deliver a speech. Also, I believe practice makes perfect. Through practice, I will learn lessons from mistakes and sharpen my speaking skills.